Often during the preparation of complex molecules one functional group in a molecule may interferes with an intended reaction on a second functional group on the same molecule.When a situation like this occurs chemists circumvent problem by protecting the interfering functional group.
In this thesis a simple and efficient solvent free protection of alcohols as trityl ethers is described using trityl chloride in the presence of K2CO3 in short reaction times. This mild and efficient method gives access to the protection of a wide range of alcohols in good yields. High selectivity was observed for tritylation of primary and secondary alcohols and also for structurally different phenols.

 In the first part of this study, ethanol extract of Vetiver plant root was separated and its components were identified by using phytochemical tests and mass spectrometry connected to gas chromatography. Then, the amount of content of phenolic compounds by using the Folin test and flavonoid and flavonol compounds were measured by aluminum chloride colorimetric test. Also, its antioxidant capacity was measured based on the radical reduction 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.
In the second part of this study, removal of heavy metals containing lead, cadmium and cobalt using root of Vetiver plant as adsorbent were studied. The effect of different factors such as pH of solution, amount of adsorbent, adsorbent contact time with the analyte, initial concentration of metal ions and the volume of the sample solution was investigated and the amount of metal ion removal was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The removal amount of lead, cadmium and cobalt ions in applied optimal conditions is about 95%, 90% and 70%, respectively. The maximum capacity of the plant roots to absorb lead ions is 13/88 mg g-1 of adsorbent. Also, a comparison between removal of three metal ions in the presence of each other by root of Vetiver plant took place and the results indicate high removal of lead ions in comparison to other ions.
 

  In the first part of the present study, Echinops (branches and manna) was investigated with respect to whether or not the plant contained any effictive compounds. When main chemical compounds of the plant were characterized, in order to find the best method of extracting organic compounds in Echinops (manna), the solvent and the extraction methods (maceration, soxhlet and percolation) were evaluted. Separation and determination of extracted compounds were performed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). According to the results, the best extraction method was found soxhlet in ethanol as solvent.
The second part was devoted to characterizion of organic compounds of Onopordon leptolepis. For this purpose, phytochemical compounds of the plant were studied. Separation and determination of the extracted compounds were performed by GC and GC-MS. The results showed that in Onopordon leptolepis species, the main compound of the extraction is a triterpenoid compound: 5a, 5b,7a,10,10,13b-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11, 11a, 13, 13a- dodecahydrocyclopenta [a]chrysene (%78.9.

 

In the first part of this thesis, effective application of 2-chloro-1-methyl pyridinium iodide(CMPI) for the synthesis of β-azido alcohols from epoxides in acetonitrile was studied.
In the second part, the conversion of the epoxides into β-nitro alcohols by using Mukaiyama reagent and sodium nitrite in acetonitrile was studied. The most important advantages of this method are relatively good yields and easy work up.
 

In the first part of this study, a new, mild and effective procedure for the one-pot conversion of epoxides into corresponding azidohydrins in the presence of 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide ( Mukaiyama ) under solvent-free condition is described.
In the second part, the preparation of β-nitro alcohols by using Mukaiyama reagent, sodium nitrite and epoxide is described. Using this method, β-nitro alcohols obtained in short time and relatively high yields.